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It is strongly recommended that you include your outline in the body of your essay by using the outline as section titles. The headings below are there to remind you how section and subsection titles are formatted. | | |
What is Law? | |
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< | Our course of study has focused on two prongs, the first of which is figuring out what “The Law” is. We have looked to some great legal theorists for guidance. While Holmes, Cohen and Frank have offered interesting perspectives on the law and its practice, I will analyze law from sociologist Emile Durkheim’s perspective to show that law is a religion. Law is the worship of a vehicle. | >
> | Our course of study has focused on two prongs, the first of which is figuring out what “Law” is. We have looked to some great legal theorists for guidance. While they have offered interesting perspectives on the law and its practice, I will analyze law from sociologist Emile Durkheim’s perspective to show Law is a religion and explore the implications of this revelation. | | | Durkheim on Religion
According to Durkheim, every known society has a religion. He says a religion is any institution whose function is to perpetuate society; it is the society divinized. Society creates religion as a manifestation of its values and morals. Thus, a religion emerges by separating the sacred (transcendental, extraordinary phenomena) and the profane (mundane, everyday activities). Members of society find solidarity through worship of the religion, that is, performing ceremonies that reinforce the belief in and power of the religion. They develop a sense of “us” versus “them.” Religion gives the members something to believe in and rally around. * | |
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< | Our Class: An Example of Law as Religion | >
> | Our Class | | | | |
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< | Our first assignment, which asked us to explain what we wanted in coming to law school, revealed a spectrum of perceptions on what “The Law” is and what it can do. On one side of the spectrum, people felt they could “make justice happen” or could “make a difference” by helping others with law. One person wished to promote child advocacy rights after experiencing his parents’ divorce. Another wanted to use law to shape and control his surroundings after he and his family got evicted from their home. On the other side of the spectrum, people said law was a “practical” endeavor that would expand career choices for them. One person was attracted to the “status and respect” that law brings to its practitioners. Another thought law would help him further his interest in economic development. Yet another saw law as a way to provide for his family. One unifying theme in the responses, however, was that not only did everyone want to use the law to accomplish one goal or another, but they also believed that the law had the power to make these goals happen. | >
> | Our first assignment, which asked us to explain what we wanted in coming to law school, revealed a spectrum of perceptions on what “The Law” is and what it can do. On one side of the spectrum, people felt they could “make justice happen” or could “make a difference” by helping others with law. One person wished to promote child advocacy rights after experiencing his parents’ divorce. Another wanted to use law to shape and control his surroundings after he and his family got evicted from their home. On the other side, people saw law as a “practical” endeavor that would expand career choices for them. One person was attracted to the “status and respect” that law confers on its practitioners. Another thought law would help him further his interest in economic development. Yet another saw law as a way to provide for his family. One unifying theme in the responses, however, was that not only did everyone want to use the law to accomplish one goal or another, but they also believed that the law had the power to make these goals happen. | | | | |
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< | By Durkheim’s definition, law is our religion. Law is the transcendental, extraordinary phenomenon that gives us a sense of who we are. One who abides by the law – one who believes in its power and yearns to learn it and how to use it – is one of “us.” While one who disregards the law – one who disrespects the power of law by breaking it and refusing to yield to it – is one of “them.” We worship and celebrate the law by structuring the way we think and act around it: we refrain from generating child pornography, stealing bread from the market, and killing our classmates because they are illegal; we carefully re-read and revise our contracts because they are legally binding. We revere it and seek its guidance and approval: we report our earnings and audit one another; we seek new forums and methods to share media and information in legal ways. We partake in ceremonies to reinforce its supremacy: we go to trial in the Courtroom and defer to its judges and juries. | >
> | By Durkheim’s definition, law is our religion. Law is the transcendental, extraordinary entity that gives us a sense of who we are and what we can do. One who abides by the law – one who believes in its power and yearns to learn it and how to use it – is one of “us.” While one who disregards the law – one who disrespects the power of law by breaking it and refusing to yield to it – is one of “them.” We worship and celebrate Law by structuring the way we think and act around it: we refrain from generating child pornography and killing our classmates because the acts are illegal; we carefully re-read and revise our contracts because they are legally binding. We revere it and seek its guidance and approval: we report our earnings and audit one another; we seek new forums and methods to share media and information in legal ways. We partake in ceremonies to reinforce its supremacy: we go to trial in court and defer to its judges and juries. | | | What Does Law Do? | |
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< | The second prong of our inquiry has been figuring out what law does for us. According to Durkheim, the deities that the members of society worship together (the transcendental notions of justice, righteousness, fairness, etc. for us) are projections of the power of society. Thus, in perpetuating society, religion propagates the powers that drive society. This has two different, but not mutually exclusive, implications for us. First, Durkheim could mean that law, in generating society, further empowers those who are already in positions of power. Or, Durkheim could mean that law is a vehicle for society to reflect the changing currents in society.
Law as Protector of the Status Quo
Durkheim’s theory provides that our religion exists to preserve the status quo. Since law is the projection of the power of society, those projections are the values held by those who make law (such as legislatures, judiciaries, and interest groups). In effect, the lawmakers’ values become law and the rest of society lives by that law, promulgating preservation of the status quo. Because the rest of society, the devout worshipers, follows the laws, the lawmakers continue to be in power. In “Transcendental Nonsense,” Cohen makes a pertinent point that a judicial decision is a social event, which is a product of “social determinants and an index of social consequences” (843). The decision’s true meaning comes from the social forces, the “human psychology, economics and politics” in play among the lawmakers. In the religion of Law, the lawmakers are the priests who guide us to the right (Law) from wrong (anti-Law). | >
> | The second prong of inquiry has been figuring out what law does for us. According to Durkheim, the deities that the members of society worship together (the transcendental notions of justice, fairness, etc. for us) are projections of the power of society. Thus, in perpetuating society, religion propagates the powers that drive society. This has two different, but not mutually exclusive, implications for us. In the first sphere, law, in generating society, further empowers those who are already in positions of power. In the second, law is a vehicle for society to reflect the changing currents in society and to bring changes to it. | | | | |
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< | Law as a Vehicle for Change | >
> | Protector of the Status Quo
Durkheim’s theory provides that our religion exists to preserve the status quo. Since law is the projection of the power of society, those projections are the values held by those who make law (e.g. legislatures, judiciaries, and interest groups). In effect, the lawmakers’ values become law and the rest of society lives by that law, promulgating preservation of the status quo. Because the rest of society, the devout worshipers, follows the law, the lawmakers continue to be in power. For our class, the ideals of Law we internalized from the lawmakers – that it confers status and respect and is a practical endeavor – help sustain status quo. In “Transcendental Nonsense,” Cohen makes a pertinent point that a judicial decision is a social event, which is a product of “social determinants and an index of social consequences” (843). The decision’s true meaning comes from the social forces, the “human psychology, economics and politics” in play among the lawmakers. In this realm, the lawmakers are the priests who guide us to the right (Law) from wrong (anti-Law). | | | | |
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> | Vehicle for Change
Durkheim’s theory also provides that our religion is a vehicle for reflecting and bringing about change. Law could be a mere projection of a society with fluid values and goals. In this sphere of law, members form their own ideals of the deities. They make their own interpretations of “justice” and “fairness” and act on those interpretations to bring changes they see fit to society. This is embodied in the classmates who want to “make justice happen” or advocate children’s rights. Here, society perpetuates by empowering its members with the freedom, ideas, and inspiration to change or make more law. | | | | |
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< | Section II | >
> | Conclusion
The religion that lives under the guise of Law in our society has two faces. One face encourages status quo and static values, while the other invites creativity and change. As shown through the responses of some of our classmates, both faces are prevalent in society today. As future lawyers and possible leaders of our society, I think it is our duty and the goal of this course to contemplate which face we wish to put forward. | | | | |
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< | Subsection A | | | | |
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< | Subsection B | | | | |
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> | * More information on Durkheim can be found at:
http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/durkheim/durkw3.htm
http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/durkheim.htm | | | |
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