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< | It is strongly recommended that you include your outline in the body of your essay by using the outline as section titles. The headings below are there to remind you how section and subsection titles are formatted. | >
> | | | | The Open Source Pop Star: How Grimes Shows the Way Forward for Artists in the Age of AI | |
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< | -- By KieranSingh2001 - 20 Feb 2024 | >
> | -- By KieranSingh2001 - 22 Feb 2024 | | | Introduction | |
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< | Two things have bothered me for the last two years: First, we expected Artificial Intelligence (AI) to replace menial labor and leave time for creative work, and yet it is replacing creative work instead of menial labor. Second, music artists often sit on their hands when their music is leaked, rather than taking advantage of the situation by posting it to streaming platforms themselves. Both phenomena are a result of a certain denial of the nature of technology: we ignore AI's impact on art because we don't consider it "real art," and music artists ignore leaks, possibly because they think it's feasible to take it down from the internet (it is not). | >
> | We expected Artificial Intelligence (AI) to replace menial labor and leave time for creative work, and yet it is replacing creative work instead of menial labor. Second, music artists do not act when their music is leaked, rather than taking advantage of the situation by posting it to streaming platforms themselves. Both phenomena are a result of denial: we ignore AI's impact on art because we don't consider it "real art," and music artists ignore leaks, possibly because they -- wrongly -- think it's feasible to take it down from the internet. | | | Music Leaks (Real and AI) | |
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< | When music leaks, public sentiment splinters. The first camp, normally die-hard fans of the artists whose music leaked, desperately tries to hide the leaks, either by spamming search results, using social pressure to prevent other fans from listening to the leaks or talking to the posters of the leaks themselves. The second camp of people listens to the music, decides the artist made it, and gives their opinion on said leak, whether good or bad. The third and final camp are those convinced that the songs are made using AI. The latter camp does not believe that AI created the entire song, more so that someone created the song, and then covered it using an AI-generated replica of the artist's voice. The debate then devolves into people who like the song arguing that it is a legitimate leak, and those that do not arguing that it is AI. | >
> | When music leaks, public sentiment splinters. The first camp, normally die-hard fans of the artists whose music leaked, desperately tries to hide the leaks, either by spamming search results, using social pressure to prevent other fans from listening to the leaks or talking to the posters of the leaks themselves. The second camp of people listens to the music, decides the artist made it, and gives their opinion on said leak. The third and final camp are those convinced that the songs are made using AI, overlaying the artist's voice onto the song. The debate then devolves into people who like the song arguing that it is real and those who do not arguing that it is AI. | | | Legal Safeguards
Real Leaks | |
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< | There are several unconfirmed reports of leakers being fined, and many threats from artists to pursue legal action against people who have leaked their unreleased music. Of the legal proceedings that have been confirmed by journalistic sources, one stands out. A blogger was criminally charged for leaking unreleased Guns-N-Roses songs in 2015. He was sentenced to a year of probation and 2 months of house arrest. Yet, according to The Week, the criminal proceedings only amplified the existence of the leak -- and it caused more people to download the song themselves. [4] At any rate, even when these proceedings cross the line from civil to criminal, they do not end up getting rid of the leaked music. | >
> | A blogger was criminally charged for leaking unreleased Guns-N-Roses songs in 2015. He was sentenced to a year of probation and 2 months of house arrest. Yet, according to The Week, the criminal proceedings only amplified the existence of the leak -- and it caused more people to download the song themselves. [1] Even when these proceedings cross the line from civil to criminal, they do not fullt delete the music. Other artists have threatened legal action, though it's unconfirmed whether they'll follow through [2] | | | AI | |
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< | According to Louis Tompros at Harvard Law, it is not completely clear how to legally justify taking down a song that uses an AI version of a singer's voice. In one famous case involving the rapper and singer Drake, Universal Media Group was able to take an AI-cover song down from TikTok? due to its use of a copyrighted producer tag (a short audio or voice track laid onto the song to give the producer credit) [1]. Moreover, arguing that the act of training the AI was a copyright violation, or arguing that the output itself is copyrighted, may be legally tenuous, according to Tompros [1]. What he proposes, rather, is using the legal right of publicity, the idea that imitating a singer and presenting a piece of media as though it was a singer's work, is illegal, at least according to California and Ninth Circuit precedent [1]. Even then, the process of taking down these songs based on the right of publicity is much lengthier than that of the DMCA, and the songs will be able to spread to all corners of the internet in the meantime. | | | | |
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< | However, YouTube? 's own policy, unrelated to copyright law, has now stated to disallow AI covers of music. An artist or label can request a takedown of any song that mimics the artist's voice using ai [6]. Yet, Youtube is just one website, and in the absence of broader regulation, its policies will not do much to stem the spread of AI-covered music. TikTok? 's AI policy, for example, mentions only videos and photos, not music [7] | >
> | According to Louis Tompros at Harvard Law, it is hard to legally justify taking down a song that uses an AI version of a singer's voice. Universal Media Group was only able to take an AI-facilitated Drake down from TikTok? due to its use of a copyrighted producer tag [4]. Moreover, arguing that the act of training the AI was a copyright violation, or arguing that the output itself is copyrighted, may be legally tenuous [4]. What Tompros proposes, rather, is using the legal right of publicity, the idea that imitating a singer and presenting a piece of media as though it was a singer's work, is illegal, at least according to California and Ninth Circuit precedent [4]. Still, this takes far longer than using the DMCA, and the songs will spread through internet in the meantime. | | | | |
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< | What happens when they're indistinguishable?
Leakers go to great lengths to prove that they have released artist-made music, as opposed to AI covers. Some leakers will admit that certain (bad) tracks are AI, to prove that the better tracks are authentic. Debates over the authenticity of the music on the internet are fascinating, but the artists' predicament is more so. If a certain song is real, and from an upcoming album, and the artist or label decides to pursue a DMCA takedown of the song, it could prove the authenticity to the internet, "spoiling" the album and disincentivizing people from listening to it when it comes out. In other words, leaks may be more costly if people know that they have already heard the artists' coming release. Trying to take down the leak could backfire, since DMCA action is relatively swift, and difficult to do with AI covers (outside of youtube). In fact, being able to claim that a leaked song is "just AI" may be an asset to artists, as the general public will not have their expectations set by the leak. | >
> | On Youtube, but not Tiktok [5], an artist or label can request a takedown of any song that mimics an artist with AI [6]. Yet, without broader regulation, one site's policies will not do much to stem the spread of AI-covered music. | | | | |
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> | What happens when they're indistinguishable? | | | | |
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< | Profiting From Artistic Misfortune | >
> | Debates over the authenticity of the music are fascinating, but the artists' predicament is more so. If a certain song is real, and from an upcoming album, and the artist or label decides to pursue a DMCA takedown of the song, it could prove the authenticity to the internet, "spoiling" the album and disincentivizing people from listening to it when it comes out. In other words, leaks may be more costly if people know that they have already heard the artists' coming release, which could happen with DMCA action. the uncertainty of AI might be an asset to artists, as the general public will not have their expectations set by the leak. | | | | |
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> | Profiting From Artistic Misfortune | | | Licensing Your Voice -- GrimesAI? | |
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< | Grimes, the controversial indie-pop artist, has come up with a way to deal with the phenomenon of AI covers without going through complicated copyright battles, or simply rolling over and allowing unauthorized use of her voice across the internet. She allows producers to use her voice, along with a specific AI trained on it, to make music, provided she gets to keep 50% of the royalties. The producers of the song can have it published on mainstream streaming platforms, and take the other 50% of the royalties. | >
> | Grimes, the controversial singer, came up with a way to deal with the phenomenon of AI covers without going through complicated copyright battles, or simply rolling over and allowing unauthorized use of her voice across the internet. She allows producers to use her voice, along with a specific AI trained on it, to make music, provided she gets to keep 50% of the royalties. The producers of the song can have it published on mainstream streaming platforms, and take the other 50% of the royalties, and Grimes lets the producers keep the rights to the "underlying composition" [8]. Both the singer and the producer are incentivized to use this method through profit maximization. Philosophically, though, this method is a tacit acceptance that one has lost control of their voice. Yet, it's likely impossible to un-make AI, and certainly impossible to delete AI covers of songs from everyone's computers. Thus, this method may be the best way forward, allowing artists to profit off of most uses of their voice. | | |
Releasing Leaked Music | |
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> | In terms of authentic music, the solutions are unclear. If it's for a planned album, the artist can wait and hope the leaks don't harm the release and hype of the album. If it's scrapped music, and the artist has the rights to it, they should release it, riding the hype of the leak and allowing themselves to make royalties off of the music. It seems as though artists don't have possession over all of their unreleased music, however. Charli XCX, a pop star, tweeted in 2022 asking for a link to high-quality MP3s of a leaked album from years previous [9]. This could signal that artists don't own some of their leaked music, nor do they have access to it. If they do own the music, however, releasing it to platforms like Spotify will help them regain autonomy over their music. | | | Conclusion | |
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> | Artists must operate in a world where their music, both real and AI-generated, will be leaked, with no certain way to take it down from the internet. With that in mind, they should stop trying to resist the leaks, and instead embrace them as a way to expand the reach of their music and their career, as well as their wallets. | | | Cites | |
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< | 1. https://hls.harvard.edu/today/ai-created-a-song-mimicking-the-work-of-drake-and-the-weeknd-what-does-that-mean-for-copyright-law/ | >
> | 1. https://theweek.com/articles/503661/kevin-cogill-punishing-guns-n-roses-leaker | | | 2. https://www.stlamerican.com/arts_and_entertainment/hot_sheet/st-louisan-sza-takes-legal-action-against-suspects-who-leaked-her-music/article_9f8f9af2-b804-11ee-8140-3b28bf73f520.html
3. https://www.complex.com/music/a/complex/the-dangers-of-leaking-music-5-cautionary-tales | |
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< | 4. https://theweek.com/articles/503661/kevin-cogill-punishing-guns-n-roses-leaker | >
> | 4. https://hls.harvard.edu/today/ai-created-a-song-mimicking-the-work-of-drake-and-the-weeknd-what-does-that-mean-for-copyright-law/
5. https://support.tiktok.com/en/using-tiktok/creating-videos/ai-generated-content
6. https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/14/23959658/google-youtube-generative-ai-labels-music-copyright
7. https://www.404media.co/harry-styles-one-direction-ai-leaked-songs/
8. https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2023/06/12/grimes-helps-artists-distribute-songs-using-her-ai-voice--if-they-pay-royalties-heres-how-it-works/?sh=6600499349ae | | | | |
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< | 5. https://www.404media.co/harry-styles-one-direction-ai-leaked-songs/ | >
> | 9. https://twitter.com/charli_xcx/status/1507519982225174531?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1507519982225174531%7Ctwgr%5E7b08482ed98cb5076c9895ccfca1e6566faeecfd%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgagadaily.com%2Findex.php%3Fapp%3Dcoremodule%3Dsystemcontroller%3Dembedurl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fcharli_xcx%2Fstatus%2F1507519982225174531 | | |
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